Figure 3 Proposed mechanisms of action of curcumin in diabetic nephropathy. Curcumin has been shown by several investigators including our group to have several renoprotective effects in clinical and experimental diabetic nephropathy. The mechanisms of such effects have been shown to involve multiple and different pathogenic and signaling pathways. In general, these reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney while there are also other metabolic pathways that curcumin modulates to affect renoprotection. 8-OHdG, *8-hydroxyl deoxyguanosine; IL-6, interleukin-6; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NOX, nitric oxide metabolites, GLUT Glucose transporter; Nrf2, nuclear receptor (transcription) factor 2; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TNF-β, tumor necrosis factor-β; Wnt- β, wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) family-β.