Aducanumab108
| High-affinity, fully humanized monoclonal antibody that binds aggregated forms of Aβ | Intravenous | Did not slow cognitive decline, but a larger dataset showed high dose associated with reduced clinical decline in early AD |
Crenezumab109
| Fully humanized monoclonal antibody against human Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 | Intravenous or subcutaneous | Interim analysis showed unlikely to reach primary endpoint of change from baseline on a clinical dementia assessment |
Bapineuzumab110
| Humanized monoclonal antibody binds the 5 N-terminal residues of Aβ and clears both fibrillar and soluble forms | Intravenous or subcutaneous | Did not meet primary endpoints, no treatment effect on cognitive or functional outcomes. |
Solanezumab111
| Humanized monoclonal antibody binds the mid-domain of Aβ and clears monomers | Intravenous | Did not meet primary endpoint of change from baseline on a cognitive assessment scale |
Elenbecestat112
| Small molecule BACE1 inhibitor | Oral | Unfavorable risk-to-benefit ratio |
Verubecestat80
| Small molecule inhibitor of BACE1 and BACE2 | Oral | Modest worsening in mean cognition scores versus placebo |
Atabecestat113
| Small molecule inhibitor of BACE1 | Oral | Halted due to liver toxicity |
Lanabacestat114
| Small molecule inhibitor of BACE1 | Oral | Faster cognitive decline with drug than placebo |
Semagacestat115
| Inhibitor of γ-secretase | Oral | Interim analysis showed worsening of cognitive function and excess skin cancers. |