Mean age (years) | 71.0 | 67.0 | <0.0001 |
Female | 51.4% | 85.0% | <0.0001 |
Race | | | <0.0001 |
White | 82.3% | 70.5% | |
Black | 7.8% | 18.7% | |
Hispanic | 6.0% | 6.6% | |
Asians | 1.5% | 1.4% | |
Native Americans | 0.4% | 0.2% | |
Others | 2.0% | 2.7% | |
Charlson comorbidity index | | | <0.0001 |
0 | 24.4% | 0.0% | |
1 | 26.3% | 18.5% | |
2 | 19.3% | 21.0% | |
≥3 | 30.4% | 60.5% | |
Hospital bed size | | | 0.0127 |
Small | 19.9% | 17.9% | |
Medium | 30.5% | 26.1% | |
Large | 49.6% | 55.9% | |
Hospital teaching status | | | 0.0138 |
Nonteaching | 38.0% | 32.9% | |
Teaching | 62.0% | 67.1% | |
Hospital location | | | 0.0297 |
Rural | 11.2% | 8.1% | |
Urban | 88.8% | 91.9% | |
Expected primary payer | | | <0.0110 |
Medicare | 7.3% | 85.3% | |
Medicaid | 6.2% | 5.5% | |
Private | 21.2% | 8.5% | |
Self-pay | 2.4% | 0.6% | |
Median household income (quartile) | | | <0.0079 |
First (0–25th) | 70.6% | 76.3% | |
Second (26–50th) | 6.1% | 6.3% | |
Third (51st–75th) | 20.9% | 16.4% | |
Fourth (76–100th) | 2.4% | 0.9% | |
Hospital region | | | <0.0017 |
Northeast | 20.2% | 19.0% | |
Midwest | 24.2% | 18.0% | |
South | 40.6% | 45.2% | |
West | 15.1% | 18.0% | |
Dyslipidemia | 50.3% | 40.6% | <0.0001 |
Old MI | 8.3% | 9.3% | 0.4497 |
Old PCI | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.0198 |
Old CABG | 7.2% | 6.9% | 0.8675 |
Old pacemaker | 5.5% | 5.6% | 0.8244 |
AICD | 2.9% | 3.6% | 0.3765 |
COPD | 19.5% | 30.1% | <0.0001 |
Carotid artery disease | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.9828 |
Old stroke | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.6751 |
Hypertension | 48.5% | 40.1% | 0.0001 |
Peripheral vessel disease | 4.2% | 4.2% | 0.9743 |
Hypothyroidism | 17.3% | 25.1% | <0.0001 |
DM type 1 and 2 | 28.0% | 24.6% | 0.0911 |
Obesity | 19.6% | 20.4% | 0.6173 |
CHF | 37.6% | 43.1% | 0.0099 |
CKD | 18.1% | 27.2% | <0.0001 |
Liver disease | 2.9% | 4.2% | 0.1150 |
Electrolyte derangement | 18.8% | 24.2% | 0.0020 |
Maintenance hemodialysis | 2.1% | 6.2% | <0.0001 |
O2 dependence | 3.5% | 6.6% | 0.0001 |
Smoking | 27.6% | 25.5% | 0.2690 |
Anemia | 15.8% | 29.0% | <0.0001 |