Age (years) | 44.79 | 45.03 | 0.767 |
Female | 52.79 | 59.87 | 0.003 |
Race | | | <0.0001 |
White | 72.99% | 87.27% | Reference |
Black | 14.53% | 3.01% | <0.0001 |
Hispanic | 7.95% | 6.94% | 0.101 |
Asians | 1.36% | 1.39% | 0.740 |
Native Americans | 0.41% | 0.23% | 0.462 |
Others | 2.76% | 1.16% | 0.021 |
Charleston Comorbidity Index | | | 0.0768 |
0 | 68.17% | 63.41% | |
1 | 18.54% | 23.28% | |
2 | 6.83% | 6.65% | |
≥3 | 6.45% | 6.65% | |
Hospital bed size | | | 0.7039 |
Small | 18.44% | 17.52% | |
Medium | 28.18% | 27.05% | |
Large | 53.38% | 55.43% | |
Hospital teaching status | | | 0.0821 |
Non-teaching | 28.9% | 25.06% | |
Teaching | 7.11% | 74.94% | |
Hospital location | | | 0.0660 |
Rural | 7.07% | 4.88% | |
Urban | 92.93% | 95.12% | |
Expected primary payer | | | 0.0060 |
Medicare | 25.67% | 23.57% | |
Medicaid | 20.08% | 17.62% | |
Private | 48.49% | 55.84% | |
Self-pay | 5.75% | 2.97% | |
Median household income (quartile) | | | 0.0012 |
First (0–25th) | 26.29% | 21.75% | |
Second (26th–50th) | 25.27% | 2.04% | |
Third (51st–75th) | 25.13% | 2.87% | |
Fourth (76th–100th) | 23.31% | 29.15% | |
Hospital region | | | 0.0765 |
Northeast | 21.45% | 25.72% | |
Midwest | 24.37% | 23.73% | |
South | 3.82% | 33.04% | |
West | 15.98% | 17.52% | |
Comorbidities |
Dyslipidemia | 12.79% | 16.19% | 0.0341 |
Old MI | 1.77% | 1.33% | 0.4856 |
Old PCI | 0.17% | 0% | 0.3861 |
Old CABG | 1.13% | 0.89% | 0.6243 |
Old pacemaker | 0.60% | 0.67% | 0.8571 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 3.14% | 3.33% | 0.8195 |
COPD | 5.11% | 3.99% | 0.2791 |
Old stroke | 2.28% | 2.66% | 0.5914 |
Hypertension | 23.53% | 27.49% | 0.0571 |
Peripheral vessel disease | 0.78% | 1.33% | 0.1932 |
Hypothyroidism | 6.21% | 10.86% | <0.0001 |
DM types 1 and 2 | 9.20% | 11.75% | 0.0601 |
Obesity | 8.12% | 11.75% | 0.0051 |
CHF | 2.54% | 1.33% | 0.1045 |
CKD | 4.36% | 3.99% | 0.7144 |
Liver disease | 3.78% | 5.76% | 0.0277 |
Electrolyte derangement | 26.93% | 26.16% | 0.7227 |
Maintenance hemodialysis | 0.32% | 0% | 0.2323 |
O2 dependence | 0.45% | 0.44% | 0.9951 |
Smoking | 19.87% | 25.28% | 0.0061 |
Anemia | 37.51% | 35.03% | 0.2812 |
CAD | 5.01% | 4.43% | 0.5793 |
On anticoagulation | 3.42% | 3.1% | 0.7298 |