Mean age (y) | 62.95 | 59.91 | <0.0001 |
Female (%) | 84.97 | 79.96 | <0.0001 |
Race (%) | | | <0.0001 |
White | 68.37 | 56.63 | |
Black | 15.17 | 22.51 | |
Hispanic | 11.10 | 13.16 | |
Asian | 1.80 | 3.08 | |
Native Americans | 0.83 | 0.82 | |
Others | 2.74 | 3.80 | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (%) | | | 0.4973 |
0 | | | |
1 | 25.02 | 25.02 | |
2 | 24.12 | 25.71 | |
≥3 | 50.86 | 49.26 | |
Hospital bed size (%) | | | <0.0001 |
Small | 16.98 | 13.84 | |
Medium | 26.52 | 21.10 | |
Large | 56.51 | 65.06 | |
Hospital teaching status (%) | | | <0.0001 |
Non-teaching | 26.94 | 18.94 | |
Teaching | 74.06 | 81.06 | |
Hospital location (%) | | | 0.1798 |
Rural | 6.74 | 5.59 | |
Urban | 93.26 | 94.41 | |
Expected primary payer (%) | | | 0.0125 |
Medicare | 65.26 | 60.28 | |
Medicaid | 9.72 | 10.83 | |
Private | 23.47 | 26.78 | |
Self-pay | 1.56 | 2.11 | |
Median household income (quartile) (%) | 0.2261 |
1st (0th–25th) | 25.74 | 28.37 | |
2nd (26th–50th) | 25.11 | 22.62 | |
3rd (51st–75th) | 25.04 | 24.50 | |
4th (76th–100th) | 24.11 | 24.50 | |
Hospital region (%) | | | 0.0679 |
Northeast | 20.31 | 23.26 | |
Midwest | 23.93 | 19.92 | |
South | 35.26 | 36.51 | |
West | 20.51 | 20.31 | |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 30.67 | 25.12 | 0.0005 |
Old MI (%) | 5.85 | 5.20 | 0.4234 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter (%) | 13.30 | 15.80 | 0.0293 |
COPD (%) | 18.99 | 18.65 | 0.8090 |
Carotid artery disease (%) | 1.13 | 0.98 | 0.6578 |
Old stroke (%) | 6.62 | 4.81 | 0.0241 |
Hypertension (%) | 37.05 | 29.15 | <0.0001 |
Peripheral vessel disease (%) | 5.38 | 3.04 | 0.0012 |
Hypothyroidism (%) | 25.08 | 21.30 | 0.0090 |
DM type 1 and type 2 (%) | 15.97 | 14.13 | 0.1399 |
Obesity (%) | 8.54 | 8.34 | 0.8297 |
CHF (%) | 24.70 | 33.79 | <0.0001 |
CKD (%) | 21.92 | 21.59 | 0.8167 |
Liver disease (%) | 7.95 | 6.18 | 0.0317 |
Maintenance hemodialysis (%) | 3.54 | 3.34 | 0.7336 |
Smoking (%) | 23.44 | 27.38 | 0.0060 |
Anemia (%) | 41.10 | 39.94 | 0.4861 |