Figure 1 (A) Both male and female mice were exposed to e-cigarette with or without nicotine for 21 days, 2×30 min per day using highly controlled e-cigarette exposure set-up (CH Technologies, New Jersey, USA). 24 hours after the last challenge, lung tissue was isolated, inflated, and fixed with formalin. (B) Total cells were counted in BAL fluid. Cell differential was carried out in BAL fluid for neutrophils (C) and macrophages (D). BAL fluid cytokines were measured for MCP-1 (E), IL-1B (F), IL-6 (G), and KC (H). Data represent at least five animals per group; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 using one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction. BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; eCig, e-cigarette; IL, interleukin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Nic, nicotine.