Mean age (y) | 70.3 | 69.1 | 0.030 |
Female | 50.2% | 55.5% | 0.0188 |
Race | | | <0.0001 |
White | 70.2% | 84.7% | Reference |
Black | 16.0% | 3.9% | <0.0001 |
Hispanic | 7.6% | 5.6% | 0.014 |
Asians | 2.9% | 2.4% | 0.189 |
Native Americans | 0.5% | 1.1% | 0.205 |
Others | 2.7% | 2.3% | 0.285 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | | | 0.1676 |
1 | 14.0% | 12.4% | |
2 | 13.1% | 10.9% | |
≥3 | 72.9% | 76.7% | |
Hospital bed size | | | 0.3492 |
Small | 13.6% | 15.9% | |
Medium | 27.1% | 26.8% | |
Large | 59.3% | 57.3% | |
Hospital teaching status | | | 0.1380 |
Non-teaching | 26.4% | 29.5% | |
Teaching | 73.6% | 70.5% | |
Hospital location | | | 0.7794 |
Rural | 5.9% | 6.2% | |
Urban | 94.1% | 93.8% | |
Expected primary payer | | | 0.0024 |
Medicare | 67.2% | 67.5% | |
Medicaid | 9.2% | 7.2% | |
Private | 19.8% | 24.0% | |
Self-pay | 3.8% | 1.3% | |
Median household income (quartile) | | | 0.0160 |
1st (0th–25th) | 30.0% | 23.9% | |
2nd (26th–50th) | 26.0% | 26.2% | |
3rd (51st–75th) | 24.2% | 26.4% | |
4th (76th–100th) | 19.8% | 23.6% | |
Hospital region | | | 0.0059 |
Northeast | 19.1% | 22.9% | |
Midwest | 21.4% | 25.4% | |
South | 41.0% | 33.6% | |
West | 18.5% | 18.1% | |
Dyslipidemia | 59.5% | 67.0% | 0.0009 |
Old MI | 7.6% | 9.7% | 0.0976 |
Old PCI | 0.73% | 1.2% | 0.1938 |
Old CABG | 7.0% | 7.8% | 0.4432 |
Old pacemaker | 3.5% | 1.9% | 0.0541 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 30.8% | 27.6% | 0.1371 |
COPD | 12.1% | 16.5% | 0.0029 |
Carotid artery disease | 11.9% | 14.0% | 0.1418 |
Old stroke | 8.6% | 8.5% | 0.9202 |
Hypertension | 60.7% | 63.7% | 0.1772 |
Peripheral vessel disease | 5.1% | 7.4% | 0.0189 |
Hypothyroidism | 13.7% | 14.6% | 0.5521 |
DM types 1 and 2 | 36.5% | 39.0% | 0.2688 |
Obesity | 12.3% | 18.8% | <0.0001 |
CHF | 17.2% | 14.6% | 0.1305 |
CKD | 17.3% | 17.9% | 0.7170 |
Liver disease | 1.5% | 3.7% | 0.0002 |
Electrolyte derangement | 20.4% | 18.4% | 0.2756 |
Maintenance hemodialysis | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7650 |
O2 dependence | 1.2% | 2.5% | 0.0111 |
Smoking | 23.0% | 29.5% | 0.0006 |
Anemia | 14.7% | 15.7% | 0.5356 |