Khan et al
36
| Single image | Deep Neural Networks | Normal exam | Endoscope | Otolaryngologist2
| 224×224 | 2484 | 96.2 for normal exam | 94.6 for normal exam | 96.2 for normal exam | 0.99 |
Chronic otitis media | 96.2 for chronic otitis media | 96.2 for chronic otitis media | 96.2 for chronic otitis media |
Otitis media with effusion | 92.6 for otitis media with effusion | 94.9 for otitis media with effusion | 92.6 for otitis media with effusion |
Viscaino et al
37
| Single image | SVM (k-NN/Decision Tree) | Normal exam | Digital otoscope | Otolaryngologist1
| 420×380 | 576 | Mean 93.9 | Mean 87.7 | Mean 87.8 | 1.00 |
Myringosclerosis |
Earwax plug |
Chronic otitis media |
Livingstone and Chau38
| Single image | Deep Neural Networks | Normal | Endoscope/Google /textbooks/databases | Otologist1 PGY-5 Otolaryngology Resident1
| N/A | 1277 | N/A | 93.1 for normal | 93.1 for normal | N/A |
Acute otitis media | 100 for acute otitis media | 75.0 for acute otitis media |
Cerumen | 90 for cerumen | 93.1 for cerumen |
Cholesteatoma | 100 for cholesteatoma | 50.0 for cholesteatoma |
Exostoses | 100 for exostoses | 100 for exostoses |
Myringitis | 100 for myringitis | 100 for myringitis |
Myringosclerosis | 100 for myringosclerosis | 72.2 for myringosclerosis |
Otitis externa | 91.7 for otitis externa | 100 for otitis externa |
Otomycosis | 14.3 for otomycosis | 100 for otomycosis |
Serous otitis media | 90.9 for serous otitis media | 90.9 for serous otitis media |
TM perforation | 83.3 for TM perforation | 55.6 for TM perforation |
TM retraction | 100 for TM retraction | 88.9 for TM retraction |
PE tube in position | 100 for PE tube in position | 60.0 for PE tube in position |
PE tube extruded | 100 for PE tube in position | 100 for PE tube extruded |
Habib et al
39
| Single image | Deep Neural Networks | Intact tympanic membrane | Google | Otolaryngologist2
| N/A | 183 | 76.0 for intact TM perforation | N/A | N/A | 0.87 |
Small TM perforation | 85.7 for small TM perforation |
Medium TM perforation | 85.7 for medium TM perforation |
Large TM perforation | 63.6 large TM perforation |
Livingstone et al
40
| Single image | Deep Neural Networks | Normal | Digital otoscope | Otolaryngologist2
| N/A | 529 | Mean 84.4 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
PE tube |
Cerumen impaction |
Lee et al
41
| Single image | Deep Neural Networks | Laterality | Endoscope | Otologist2
| N/A | 1338 | 97.9 for correct laterality | 96.9 for correct laterality | 93.3 for correct laterality | 0.92 (0.98*) |
TM perforation | 91.0 for presence or absence of perforation | 98.0 for presence or absence of perforation | 90.5 for presence or absence of perforation |
No TM perforation |
Cha et al
42
| Single image | Deep Neural Networks | Normal | Endoscope | Otolaryngologist2
| 640×480 | 8435 | 97.5 for normal | N/A | 94.0 for normal | N/A |
TM attic retraction | 85.8 for TM attic retraction | 90.2 for TM attic retraction |
Tympanic perforation | 97.2 for TM perforation | 96.5 for TM perforation |
Otitis externa with or without myringitis | 77.9 for otitis externa with or without myringitis | 89.3 for otitis externa with or without myringitis |
Otitis media with effusion | 88.5 for otitis media with effusion | 93.3 for otitis media with effusion |
Tumor | 86.7 for tumor or cerumen | 93.4 for tumor or cerumen |
Tran et al
43
| Single image | MTJSRC | Acute otitis media | Digital otoscope | Otologist2
| N/A | 171 | 91.9 for acute otitis media | N/A | 89.4 for acute otitis media | 0.91 |
Otitis media with effusion | 91.3 for otitis media with effusion | 93.3 for otitis media with effusion |
Myburgh et al
44
| Single image | Decision Tree | Normal exam | Digital otoscope | Otologist2
| 500×500 | 391 | 80.6 (78.7†) | 83 for normal exam | 80 for normal exam | N/A |
Earwax plug | 89 for earwax/foreign body | 79 for earwax/foreign body |
Foreign body | 75 for acute otitis media | 81 for acute otitis media |
Acute otitis media | 80 for otitis media with effusion | 81 for otitis media with effusion |
Otitis media with effusion | 78 for chronic suppurative otitis media | 82 for chronic suppurative otitis media |
Chronic suppurative otitis media | | |