n | 152,309 | 177,745 | 158,328 | |
Blood cultures | 136,445 (89.6) | 159,149 (89.5) | 141,052 (89.1) | <0.001 |
Urine cultures | 50,895 (33.4) | 67,803 (38.1) | 67,373 (42.6) | <0.001 |
Sputum cultures | 12,119 (8.0) | 11,757 (6.6) | 7867 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Foley catheter | 14,610 (9.6) | 19,281 (10.8) | 18,790 (11.9) | <0.001 |
Head CT | 24,238 (15.9) | 32,456 (18.3) | 31,548 (19.9) | <0.001 |
Chest CT | 20,660 (13.6) | 20,603 (11.6) | 14,501 (9.2) | <0.001 |
Arterial/venous blood gas | 61,267 (40.2) | 63,328 (35.6) | 47,509 (30.0) | <0.001 |
Lactate | 73,227 (48.1) | 84,668 (47.6) | 76,274 (48.2) | 0.004 |
Intensive care unit admission | 41,997 (27.6) | 41,852 (23.5) | 29,774 (18.8) | <0.001 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 14,802 (9.7) | 12,931 (7.3) | 7947 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Non-invasive ventilation | 16,413 (10.8) | 16.201 (9.1) | 11,911 (7.5) | <0.001 |
Intravenous steroid | 41,876 (27.5) | 38,462 (21.6) | 22,797 (14.4) | <0.001 |
Without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) | 6686/68,921 (9.7) | 7226/91,365 (7.9) | 6648/102,074 (6.5) | <0.001 |
With COPD | 35,190/83,388 (36.9) | 31,236/86,380 (36.2) | 16,149/56,254 (28.7) | <0.001 |
Vasopressors | 11,986 (7.9) | 11,701 (6.6) | 7909 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Third-generation cephalosporin | 65,272 (42.9) | 77,378 (43.5) | 69,688 (44.0) | <0.001 |
Respiratory quinolone | 63,833 (41.9) | 72,202 (40.6) | 61,960 (39.1) | <0.001 |
Macrolide | 58,092 (38.1) | 68,348 (38.5) | 60,592 (38.3) | 0.18 |
Antipseudomonal quinolone | 62,239 (40.9) | 70,186 (39.5) | 60,853 (38.4) | <0.001 |
Anti-MRSA agent | 51,064 (33.5) | 56,090 (31.6) | 48,498 (30.6) | <0.001 |
Piperacillin/tazobactam | 35,002 (23.0) | 41,122 (23.1) | 37,920 (24.0) | <0.001 |