Cardiac surgery patients (N=1,269,414) | 55.1 | 44.9 | | | |
Mean age (years) | 62 | 70 | 65.6 | <0.001 | t-test |
Mean CCI | 1.36 | 1.67 | 1.5 | <0.001 | t-test |
Mean LOS (days) | 11.1 | 12.2 | 11.6 | <0.001 | t-test |
Mean cost (US$) | 58,065 | 61,012 | 59,398 | <0.001 | t-test |
Female | 41.2 | 40.5 | 40.9 | 0.001 | χ2 |
Primary payer | | | | | |
Medicare | 49.5 | 68 | 57.8 | <0.001 | z-test |
Medicaid | 7.5 | 3.8 | 5.8 | <0.001 | z-test |
Private | 37.1 | 24.8 | 31.5 | <0.001 | z-test |
Self-pay | 2.9 | 1.6 | 2.3 | <0.001 | z-test |
No charge | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.392 | z-test |
Other | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.3 | <0.001 | z-test |
Race | | | | | |
White | 77.7 | 84.1 | 80.6 | <0.001 | z-test |
Black | 8.6 | 4.9 | 6.9 | <0.001 | z-test |
Hispanic | 7.5 | 5.1 | 6.4 | <0.001 | z-test |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.275 | z-test |
Native American | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.297 | z-test |
Other | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0.08 | z-test |
Income | | | | | |
0–25th percentile | 23.4 | 21 | 22.3 | <0.001 (increasing income in atrial fibrillation) | Cochran-Armitage |
26th–50th percentile (median) | 25.6 | 25.4 | 25.5 | |
51st–75th percentile | 25.5 | 26.1 | 25.8 | |
76th–100th percentile | 25.5 | 27.5 | 26.4 | |
Moderate-to-severe disability on discharge | 53.7 | 65.6 | 59 | <0.001 | χ2 |
In-hospital death | 5 | 3.9 | 4.5 | <0.001 | χ2 |
No acute kidney injury | 84.4 | 81.7 | 83.2 | <0.001 (worsening renal function) | Cochran-Armitage |
Acute kidney injury without dialysis | 13.9 | 16.4 | 15 | |
Acute kidney injury with dialysis | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | |
Stroke | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Congestive heart failure | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0.612 | χ2 |
Chronic lung disease | 18.6 | 21.9 | 20.1 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.059 | χ2 |
Hypertension | 57.9 | 64.5 | 60.8 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Peripheral artery disease | 14.4 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 0.106 | χ2 |
Electrolyte disorder | 27.4 | 32.1 | 29.5 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Metastatic cancer | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.229 | χ2 |
Obesity | 12.5 | 13.3 | 12.9 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Valve disease | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2 | 0.012 | χ2 |
Diabetes mellitus | 23.6 | 25.3 | 24.4 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Weekend admission | 7.3 | 7 | 7.2 | 0.022 | χ2 |
Elective admission | 63 | 64.8 | 63.8 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Hospital region | | | | | |
Northeast | 22.3 | 22.1 | 22.2 | 0.205 | z-test |
Midwest | 24.5 | 25.7 | 25 | <0.001 | z-test |
South | 33.6 | 32.4 | 33.1 | <0.001 | z-test |
West | 19.5 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 0.089 | z-test |
Teaching hospital | 70.4 | 68.8 | 69.7 | <0.001 | χ2 |
Urban hospital | 97 | 97 | 97 | 0.847 | χ2 |
Hospital bed size | | | | | |
Small | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.2 | <0.001 (increasing bed size in atrial fibrillation) | Cochran-Armitage |
Medium | 17.5 | 18 | 17.8 | |
Large | 76.3 | 75.6 | 76 | |
Procedures (variables PR1–PR3) | | | | | |
CABG only | 3.1 | 7.1 | 4.9 | <0.001 | z-test |
Valve repair/replacement only | 56.7 | 57.5 | 57 | <0.001 | z-test |
CABG with valve repair/replacement | 25.6 | 26.2 | 25.8 | <0.001 | z-test |
Other procedures PR1–PR3 | 14.7 | 9.1 | 12.2 | <0.001 | z-test |