RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Ghrelin and ghrelin/total cholesterol ratio as independent predictors for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis JF Journal of Investigative Medicine JO J Investig Med FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd SP jim-2021-002100 DO 10.1136/jim-2021-002100 A1 Maryam Niknam A1 Taraneh Liaghat A1 Mehrdad Zarghami A1 Mehdi Akrami A1 Seyed Mehdi Shahnematollahi A1 Ahmad Ahmadipour A1 Fatemeh Moazzen A1 Sahar Soltanabadi YR 2022 UL http://hw-f5-jim.highwire.org/content/early/2022/01/18/jim-2021-002100.abstract AB The present meta-analysis aimed to summarize the available data regarding the circulating levels of ghrelin in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to January 20, 2021. Since the circulating levels of ghrelin were measured in different units across the included studies, they were expressed as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI (summary effect size). A random-effects model comprising the DerSimonian and Laird method was used to pool SMDs. Sixteen articles (20 studies) comprised of 1087 cases and 437 controls were included. The pooled results showed that there were no significant differences between cases and controls in terms of ghrelin levels (SMD=−0.61, 95% CI −1.38 to 0.16; p=0.120; I2=96.9%, p<0.001). The ghrelin concentrations in the CAD stratum were significantly lower than in controls, whereas they increased in other disease strata. New combined biomarkers demonstrated a significant decrease in the SMD of the ghrelin/total cholesterol (TC) ratio (−1.02; 95% CI −1.74 to –0.29, p=0.000; I2=94.5%). However, no significant differences were found in the SMD of the ghrelin/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, ghrelin/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and ghrelin/triglyceride (TG) ratio in cases with CVDs compared with the control group. Ghrelin was associated with CAD; therefore, it may be considered a biomarker for distinguishing between patients with and without CAD. Furthermore, the ghrelin/TC ratio could be proposed as a diagnostic marker for CVD.