Baseline clinical characteristics of patients divided by outcomes
| Total, n=416 | Alive without ESRD, n=277 | ESRD, n=36 | Dead without ESRD, n=103 | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 71 (71–83) | 76 (70–82) | 74 (71–80) | 81 (75–86) | 0.017* |
| Age ≥80 years, n (%) | 149 (36) | 87 (31) | 7 (19) | 55 (53) | <0.001* |
| Male, n (%) | 218 (52) | 139 (50) | 21 (58) | 58 (56) | 0.430 |
| eGFR EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 32 (23–42) | 33 (25–44) | 24 (16–38) | 28 (22–34) | <0.001* |
| CKD stage, n(%) | |||||
| Stage 1 | 6 (2.0) | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.0) | |
| Stage 2 | 34 (8.0) | 30 (11) | 1 (3.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0.004* |
| Stage 3a | 46 (11) | 45 (16) | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Stage 3b | 139 (33) | 101 (37) | 7 (19) | 31 (30) | |
| Stage 4 | 158 (38) | 88 (32) | 11 (31) | 59 (57) | |
| Stage 5 | 34 (8.0) | 9 (3.0) | 16 (44) | 9 (9.0) | |
| Referral, n(%) | |||||
| Primary care | 206 (50) | 123 (44) | 21 (58) | 50 (49) | 0.013* |
| Hospital appointment | 194 (47) | 148 (53) | 14 (39) | 44 (43) | |
| Other | 16 (3.8) | 6 (2.2) | 1 (2.8) | 9 (8.7) | |
| Primary renal disease, n (%) | |||||
| Ischemic nephropathy | 158 (38) | 105 (38) | 13 (36) | 40 (39) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 106 (26) | 63 (23) | 15 (42) | 28 (27) | 0.222 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 16 (3.8) | 10 (3.6) | 1 (2.8) | 5 (4.9) | |
| Other/unknown | 136 (33) | 99 (36) | 7 (19) | 30 (29) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (24–30) | 27 (24–31) | 26 (24–30) | 26 (23–29) | 0.112 |
| Cognitive impairment, n (%) | 47 (11.3) | 30 (10.8) | 3 (8.3) | 14 (13.6) | 0.632 |
| Totally dependent | 24 (5.8) | 15 (5.4) | 2 (5.6) | 7 (6.8) | |
| Partially dependent | 156 (38) | 96 (35) | 17 (47) | 43 (42) | 0.430 |
| Autonomous | 236 (57) | 166 (60) | 17 (47) | 53 (52) | |
| mCCI, n (%) | |||||
| 0–2 3–4 >5 | 184 (44.2) 127 (30.5) 105 (25.2) | 148 (53.4) 84 (30.3) 45 (16.2) | 12 (33.3) 12 (33.3) 12 (33.3) | 24 (23.3) 31 (30.1) 48 (46.6) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 207 (50) | 133 (48) | 52 (61) | 49 (51) | 0.330 |
| Former/current smoking, n (%) | 110 (27) | 66 (24) | 11 (31) | 33 (32) | 0.246 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 140 (125–155) | 141 (127–158) | 138 (120–159) | 132 (121–150) | 0.037* |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 70 (63–80) | 71 (64–80) | 77 (60–81) | 68 (60–76) | 0.017* |
| Antihypertensive ≥2, n (%) | 207 (50) | 140 (51) | 18 (50) | 49 (48) | 0.876 |
| Renin–angiotensin blockade | 137 (33) | 88 (32) | 16 (44) | 33 (32) | 0.306 |
| Diuretics | 295 (71) | 196 (71) | 30 (83) | 69 (67) | 0.177 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 354 (85) | 238 (86) | 30 (83) | 86 (84) | 0.801 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 248 (60) | 168 (61) | 22 (61) | 58 (56) | 0.712 |
| Antiplatelet medication, n (%) | 203 (49) | 135 (39) | 14 (52) | 54 (49) | 0.376 |
| Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 277 (67) | 172 (62) | 22 (61) | 65 (63) | 0.739 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 78 (19) | 43 (16) | 15 (42) | 20 (19) | 0.001 |
| Albumin <3.5 g/dL, n (%) | 40 (11) | 24 (10) | 5 (15) | 11 (12) | 0.667 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.3 (5.6–9.8) | 7.2 (5.4–9.6) | 7.4 (5.9–9.3) | 7.7 (6.2–11.3) | 0.367 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 (147–205) | 179 (150–205) | 175 (142–207) | 168 (142–204) | 0.355 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 47 (38–57) | 48 (39–57) | 48 (36–59) | 45 (37–58) | 0.720 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 98 (75–123) | 99 (79–121) | 95 (71–118) | 95 (74–132) | 0.673 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.9 (10.6–13.6) | 12.0 (10.9–13.4) | 11.3 (10.6–13.1) | 11.6 (10.1–13.1) | 0.086 |
| TSAT (%) | 21(14–28) | 21(15–28) | 21(15–33) | 21(14–28) | 0.642 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 160 (80–337) | 150 (77–344) | 151 (70–256) | 181 (90–363) | 0.407 |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 100 (61–155) | 98 (61–161) | 115 (69–140) | 99 (61–156) | 0.446 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 2.3 (2.2–2.5) | 0.158 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.99–1.25) | 1.1 (0.99–1.24) | 1.1 (0.90–1.17) | 1.2 (1.00–1.33) | 0.292 |
| uPCr (g/g) | 0.25 (0.1–1.0) | 0.28 (0.11–1.11) | 0.19 (0.07–0.47) | 0.19 (0.10–0.85) | 0.147 |
Note: Data expressed as medians and IQRs or n (%) when appropriate. Comparisons between continuous variables were done using a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis); associations between categorical variables were analyzed using the χ2 test; *p<0.05.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HDL, high density lipoprotein; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; LDL, low density lipoprotein; mCCI, modified Charlson Comorbidity Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TSAT, transferrin saturation; uPCr, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio.