Comparison between the 4 studied groups according to different parameters
| Group 1 (n=45) | Group 2 (n=45) | Group 3 (n=45) | Group 4 (n=45) | P value | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 21 (46.7%) | 27 (60%) | 26 (57.7%) | 24 (53.3%) | 0.597 |
| Female | 24 (53.3%) | 18 (40%) | 19 (42.3%) | 21 (46.7%) | |
| Age (y) | 52.0±9.9 | 52.6±9.7 | 51.7±9.2 | 50.3±8.1 | 0.068 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 154.9±21.9†‡§ | 187.1±47.1†‡ | 318.6±87.6† | 83.8±8.3 | <0.001* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.45±0.80†‡ | 7.37±1.05†‡ | 8.80±1.20† | 4.73±0.29 | <0.001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88±0.20‡§ | 1.19±0.22†‡ | 1.85±0.42† | 0.79±0.07 | <0.001* |
| UACR (mg/g) | 15.0±6.2‡§ | 118.8±60.9†‡ | 505.6±206.9† | 13.2±6.3 | <0.001* |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 87.1±20.1†‡§ | 62.4±9.6†‡ | 37.3±6.5† | 102.3±12.4 | <0.001* |
| Serum netrin-1 (pg/mL) | 123.2±30.9‡§ | 190.9±76.5†‡ | 599.6±312.6† | 106.8±29.1 | <0.001* |
| Urinary netrin-1 (pg/mg creatinine) | 517.4±174.4†‡§ | 1081.7±331.3†‡ | 1689.4±279.5† | 282.4±45.9 | <0.001* |
Data are expressed as mean±SD.
Group 1: T2DM with normoalbuminuria.
Group 2: incipient DN with microalbuminuria.
Group 3: overt DN with macroalbuminuria.
Group 4: healthy control.
*Statistically significant at p≤0.05.
†Significant with group 4.
‡Significant with group 3.
§Significant with group 2.
DN, diabetic nephropathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio.;