Multivariate linear regression analysis of GDF15 and clinical characteristics among patients with NGT, IFG, IGT, IFG+IGT, and NDD
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
| Beta (95% CI) | P value | Beta (95% CI) | P value | Beta (95% CI) | P value | Beta (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 0.251 (14.961 to 31.922) | <0.001 | 0.180 (7.966 to 25.594) | <0.001 | 0.175 (7.613 to 25.021) | <0.001 | 0.173 (7.488 to 24.864) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.010 (−161.135 to 203.476) | NS | −0.001 (−194.114 to 189.736) | NS | −0.007 (−205.352 to 173.052) | NS | 0.004 (−182.088 to 197.406) | NS |
| A1C (%) | 0.208 (110.370 to 263.827) | <0.001 | 0.228 (127.697 to 281.485) | <0.001 | ||||
| IFG vs NGT | 0.145 (192.487 to 740.937) | 0.001 | 0.152 (214.351 to 765.572) | 0.001 | ||||
| IGT vs NGT | −0.062 (−423.228 to 75.543) | NS | −0.048 (−385.737 to 119.287) | NS | ||||
| IFG+IGT vs NGT | −0.028 (−524.596 to 265.950) | NS | −0.035 (−560.617 to 228.984) | NS | ||||
| NDD vs NGT | 0.227 (390.459 to 888.145) | <0.001 | 0.230 (400.764 to 895.284) | <0.001 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.119 (−92.871 to −14.140) | 0.008 | −0.095 (−83.599 to −1.643) | 0.042 | −0.050 (−64.217 to 19.156) | NS | −0.065 (−70.508 to 12.572) | NS |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 0.007 (−5.220 to 6.046) | NS | −0.004 (−5.806 to 5.307) | NS | 0.017 (−4.396 to 6.530) | NS | 0.005 (−5.182 to 5.791) | NS |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | −0.003 (−26.308 to 24.698) | NS | 0.007 (−23.376 to 27.333) | NS | 0.017 (−20.143 to 30.345) | NS | ||
| HOMA-IR | 0.099 (10.017 to 187.491) | 0.029 | ||||||
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.112 (4.103 to 29.172) | 0.009 | 0.106 (3.347 to 28.130) | 0.013 | 0.105 (3.276 to 27.768) | 0.013 | 0.094 (1.688 to 26.209) | 0.026 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.203 (−17.041 to −6.733) | <0.001 | −0.180 (−15.698 to −5.469) | <0.001 | −0.178 (−15.524 to −5.318) | <0.001 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)* | −0.090 (−899.322 to 34.861) | NS | −0.037 (−633.685 to 280.596) | NS | −0.053 (−713.894 to 206.919) | NS | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.024 (−5.730 to 9.298) | NS | 0.025 (−5.568 to 9.279) | NS | 0.021 (−5.786 to 9.030) | NS | ||
Dependent variable: GDF15 level.
*Log-transformed before analysis.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; NDD, newly diagnosed diabetes; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; SBP, systolic blood pressure.