Factors | Hospitalization* | Head CT | ||||
Adjusted OR† | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted OR‡ | 95% CI | P value | |
Era | ||||||
Pre-COVID-19 (2019) | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
COVID-19 (2020) | 2.33 | 1.25 to 4.34 | 0.008 | 1.04 | 0.67 to 1.61 | 0.87 |
Race | ||||||
White | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Black | 0.42 | 0.20 to 0.87 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.24 to 0.63 | <0.001 |
Interaction: race×era | 1.29 | 0.37 to 4.50 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.30 to 2.07 | 0.64 |
Black patients in pre-COVID-19 era | 0.36 | 0.13 to 1.0 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.24 to 0.72 | 0.002 |
Black patients in COVID-19 era | 0.47 | 0.19 to 1.16 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.14 to 0.76 | 0.009 |
National ADI rank | ||||||
1–25 (highest SES) | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
26–50 | 1.04 | 0.47 to 2.32 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.49 to 1.35 | 0.42 |
51–75 | 0.80 | 0.31 to 2.09 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 0.17 to 0.77 | 0.009 |
76–100 (lowest SES) | 0.48 | 0.16 to 1.49 | 0.20 | 0.55 | 0.26 to 1.19 | 0.13 |
Sex | ||||||
Female | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Male | 1.38 | 0.73 to 2.59 | 0.32 | 1.06 | 0.70 to 1.59 | 0.16 |
Age | ||||||
<2 | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
≥2 | 0.30 | 0.16 to 0.56 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 0.68 to 1.91 | 0.63 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic | (ref) | (ref) | ||||
Hispanic | N/A§ | N/A | N/A | 0.24 | 0.03 to 1.76 | 0.16 |
Presenting hospital | ||||||
Academic hospital (PED 3) | N/A¶ | N/A | N/A | (ref) | ||
Community hospital (PED 1 and 2) | 2.16 | 1.38 to 3.38 | 0.001 |
*Hospitalization was assessed by a subgroup analysis among patients presenting to PED 3 only.
†Adjusted for race, sex, and age group.
‡Adjusted for race, ADI rank, sex, age group, ethnicity, and presenting hospital.
§Ethnicity was not included in the model because there were no patients in the Hispanic group with a head injury-associated hospitalization.
¶Presenting hospital was not applicable since the model only consists of patients evaluated at PED 3.
ADI, Area Deprivation Index; N/A, not available; SES, socioeconomic status.