OR (95% CI) | ||
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
Age (years) | ||
<70 | Reference | Reference |
70 and above | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.80) | 0.79 (0.68 to 0.92) |
Gender | ||
Male | Reference | Reference |
Female | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.04) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.05) |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference |
Non-Hispanic black | 1.52 (1.30 to 1.78) | 1.38 (1.16 to 1.64) |
Hispanic | 1.66 (1.31 to 2.10) | 1.53 (1.19 to 1.97) |
Non-Hispanic other | 1.80 (1.37 to 2.36) | 1.69 (1.29 to 2.21) |
Median household income national quartiles | ||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.20) | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.33) |
Quartile 3 | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.00) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.12) |
Quartile 4 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.00) | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) |
Insurance type | ||
Medicare | Reference | Reference |
Medicaid | 1.50 (1.10 to 2.06) | 1.09 (0.78 to 1.53) |
Private | 1.40 (1.18 to 1.65) | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.54) |
Other | 1.95 (1.37 to 2.75) | 1.78 (1.23 to 2.58) |
Hospital region | ||
Northeast | Reference | Reference |
Midwest | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.17) | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.17) |
South | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.25) | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) |
West | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.42) | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.39) |
Hospital location | ||
Rural | Reference | Reference |
Urban non-teaching | 0.94 (0.71 to 1.25) | 0.89 (0.65 to 1.21) |
Urban teaching | 1.09 (0.84 to 1.42) | 0.99 (0.74 to 1.32) |
Admission type | ||
Non-elective | Reference | Reference |
Elective | 0.69 (0.55 to 0.87) | 0.67 (0.52 to 0.85) |
Length of stay | ||
5 days or less | Reference | Reference |
>5 days | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.26) | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.23) |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||
0–4 | Reference | Reference |
5–7 | 1.24 (1.08 to 1.42) | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.41) |
≥8 | 1.49 (1.26 to 1.76) | 1.45 (1.21 to 1.73) |
Model adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, median household income national quartiles, hospital region, hospital location, Charlson Comorbidity Index, insurance type, admission type, and length of stay. Boldface indicates statistical significance.