Table 3

Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrating associations with head injury-associated hospitalization and head CT use

Factors	Hospitalization*			Head CT
Factors	Adjusted OR†	95% CI	P value	Adjusted OR‡	95% CI	P value
Era
Pre-COVID-19 (2019)	(ref)			(ref)
COVID-19 (2020)	2.33	1.25 to 4.34	0.008	1.04	0.67 to 1.61	0.87
Race
White	(ref)			(ref)
Black	0.42	0.20 to 0.87	0.02	0.39	0.24 to 0.63	<0.001
Interaction: race×era	1.29	0.37 to 4.50	0.69	0.79	0.30 to 2.07	0.64
Black patients in pre-COVID-19 era	0.36	0.13 to 1.0	0.05	0.42	0.24 to 0.72	0.002
Black patients in COVID-19 era	0.47	0.19 to 1.16	0.10	0.33	0.14 to 0.76	0.009
National ADI rank
1–25 (highest SES)	(ref)			(ref)
26–50	1.04	0.47 to 2.32	0.92	0.81	0.49 to 1.35	0.42
51–75	0.80	0.31 to 2.09	0.65	0.36	0.17 to 0.77	0.009
76–100 (lowest SES)	0.48	0.16 to 1.49	0.20	0.55	0.26 to 1.19	0.13
Sex
Female	(ref)			(ref)
Male	1.38	0.73 to 2.59	0.32	1.06	0.70 to 1.59	0.16
Age
<2	(ref)			(ref)
≥2	0.30	0.16 to 0.56	<0.001	1.14	0.68 to 1.91	0.63
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic	(ref)			(ref)
Hispanic	N/A§	N/A	N/A	0.24	0.03 to 1.76	0.16
Presenting hospital
Academic hospital (PED 3)	N/A¶	N/A	N/A	(ref)
Community hospital (PED 1 and 2)				2.16	1.38 to 3.38	0.001

*Hospitalization was assessed by a subgroup analysis among patients presenting to PED 3 only.
†Adjusted for race, sex, and age group.
‡Adjusted for race, ADI rank, sex, age group, ethnicity, and presenting hospital.
§Ethnicity was not included in the model because there were no patients in the Hispanic group with a head injury-associated hospitalization.
¶Presenting hospital was not applicable since the model only consists of patients evaluated at PED 3.
ADI, Area Deprivation Index; N/A, not available; SES, socioeconomic status.