References
Hoedl S. The disease of Akhnaton. Int J Dermatol 1989;28: 201–203.
Medvei VC. The History of Clinical Endocrinology. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group Ltd, 1993.
Fahlbusch R, Honegger J, Scholt W, Buchfelder M. Results of surgery in acromegaly. In Wass JAH, ed. Treating Acromegaly. Bristol: Journal of Endocrinology Ltd, 1994: 49–53.
Laws ER. Results of trans-sphenoidal microsurgical man-agement of acromegaly. In Wass JAH, ed. Treating Acromegaly. Bristol: Journal of Endocrinology Ltd, 1994: 59–63.
Rajasoorya C, Holdaway IM, Wrightson P, Scott DJ, Ibbertson HK. Determinants of clinical outcome and survival in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41:95–102.
Etxabe J, Gaztambide S, Latorre P, Vazquez JA. Acromegaly: An epidemiological study. J Endocrinol Invest 1993;16:181–187.
Serri O, Robert F, Comtois R, Jilwan N, Beauregard H, Hardy J, Somma M. Distinctive features of prolactin secre-tion in acromegalic patients with hyperprolactinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987;17:429–436.
Nabarro, JDN. Acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987; 26:481–512.
Zimmerman D, Young WF, Ebersold MJ, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Whitaker MD, Eberhardt NL, Downs TR, Frohman LA. Congenital gigantism due to growth hormone-releasing hormone excess and pituitary hyperplasia with adenomatous transformation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:216–222.
Espiner EA, Carter TAH, Abbott GD, Wrightson P. Pitui-tary gigantism in a 31 month old girl: Endocrine studies and successful response to hypophysectomy. J Endocrinol Invest 1981;4:445–450.
Puchner MJ, Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. Pituitary surgery in elderly patients with acromegaly. Neurosurgery 1995;36: 677–683.
Jaffe LS, Rosen HN. Normal insulin-like growth factor-I in an elderly woman with acromegaly and medical illness. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1533–1535.
Reincke M, Allolio B, Saeger W, Menzel J, Winkelmann W. The “incidentaloma” of the pituitary gland: Is neurosurgery required? JAMA 1990;263:2772–2776.
Donovan LE, Corenblum B. The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:181–183.
Famuyiwa OO, Bella AF, Akinlade KS. Acromegaly in Ibadan-A report of six cases. West Afr J Med 1990;9: 232–238.
Jialal I, Reddi K, Omar MA, Van Dellen JR, Joubert SM. Pituitary tumours in African and Indian patients. Trop Geogr Med 1986;38:175–179.
Seino Y, Imura H. Endocrine disorders and diabetes in Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994;24:S129-S133.
Wright AD, Hill DM, Lowy C, Fraser, TR. Mortality in acromegaly. Q J Med1970;34:1–16.
Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Tengborn L, Wilhelmsen L, Bengtsson BA. Elevated fibrinogen levels decrease following treatment of acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;46:69–74.
Siafakas NM, Sigalas J, Filaditaki B, Tsirogiannis K. Small airway function in acromegaly. Bull Eur Physiopathol Resp 1987;23:329–334.
Pekkarinen T, Partinen M, Pelkonen R, Ilvanainen M. Sleep apnoea and daytime sleepiness in acromegaly: Relationship to endocrinological factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987;27: 649–654.
Barkan A. Acromegalic arthropathy and sleep apnoea. J Endocrinol 1997;155:S41–44.
Montini M, Gianola D, Pagani MD, Pedroncelli A, Caldara R, Gherardi F, Bonelli M, Lancranjan I, Pagani G. Cholelithiasis and acromegaly: Therapeutic strategies. Clin Endocri-nol (Oxf) 1994;40:401–406.
Schmidt K, Leuschner M, Harris AG, Althoff PH, Jacobi V, Jungmann E, Schumm-Draeger PM, Rau H, Braulke C, Usadel KH. Gallstones in acromegalic patients undergoing different treatment regimens. Clin Invest 1992;70:556–559.
Anderson JV, Catnach S, Lowe DG, Fairclough PD, Besser GM, Wass JA. Prevalence of gastritis in patients with acromegaly: Untreated and during treatment with oc-treotide. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992;37:227–232.
Cheung NW, Boyages SC. The thyroid gland in acromegaly: An ultrasonographic study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 46:545–549.
Colao A, Marzullo P, Ferone D, Spiezia S, Cerbone G, Marino V, DiSarno A, Merola B, Lombardi G. Prostatic hyperplasia: An unknown feature of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:775–779.
Ballard HS, Frame B, Hartsock RJ. Familial multiple endocrine adenoma-peptic ulcer complex. Medicine 1964;43: 481–516.
Halse J, Haugen HN. Calcium and phosphate metabolism in acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980;94:459–467.
Lieberman SA, Hoffman AR. Sequelae to acromegaly: Re-versibility with treatment of the primary disease. Horm Metab Res 1990;22:313–318.
Gordon DA, Hill FM, Ezrin C. Acromegaly: A review of 100 cases. Canadian Med Assoc J 1962;87:1106–1109.
Hofeldt FD, Levin SR, Schneider V, Becker N, Forsham P. Clinical features of acromegaly and response to cryohypophysectomy. Rocky Mountain Med J 1973;70:21–24.
Tyrell JB, Wilson CB. Pituitary syndromes. In Friesen SR, ed. Surgical Endocrinology Clinical Syndromes. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott: 1978;304–324.
Clemmons DR, Van Wyk JJ, Ridgway EC, Kliman B, Kjellberg RN, Underwood LE. Evaluation of acromegaly by radioimmunoassay of somatomedin-C. New Engl J Med 1979;301:1138–1142.
Klijn JGM, Lamberts SWJ, De Jong FH, van Dongen KJ, Birkenhager JC. Interrelationships between tumour size, age, plasma growth hormone and incidence of extrasellar extension in acromegalic patients. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980;95:289–297.
Jadresic A, Banks LM, Child DF, Diamant L, Doyle FH, Fraser TR, Joplin GF. The acromegaly syndrome: Relation between clinical features, growth hormone values and radio-logical characteristics of the pituitary tumours. Q J Med 1982;51:189–204.
Karlberg BE, Ottoson A. Acromegaly and hypertension: role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982;100:581–587.
Ezzat S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Newman C, Klibanski A, Molitch ME, Boyd AE, Sheeler L, Cook DM, Malarkey WB, Jackson I, Vance ML, Thorner MO, Barkan A, Frohman LA, Melmed S. Octreotide treatment of acromegaly: A randomized, multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:711–718.
Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones JM, Clayton RN. An audit of outcome of treatment in acromegaly. Q J Med1993;86: 293–299.
Kraatz C, Benker G, Weber F, Ludecke D, Hirche H, Reinwein D. Acromegaly and hypertension: prevalence and relationship to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Klin Wochenschr 1990;68:583–587.
Imai Y, Abe K, Munakata M, Sakuma H, Hashimoto J, Imai K, Sekino H, Yoshinaga K. Does ambulatory blood pressure monitoring improve the diagnosis of secondary hypertension? J Hypertens 1990;8:S71-S75.
Ohtsuka H, Komiya I, Aizawa T, Yamada T. Hypertension in acromegaly: Hereditary hypertensive factor produces hy-pertension by enhancing IGF-I production. Endocr J 1995; 42:781–787.
Terzolo M, Avonto L, Matrella C, Pozzi R, Luceri S, Borretta G, Pecchio F, Ugliengo G, Magro GP, Reimondo G, Uslenghi E, Greco-Lucchina P, Angeli A. Doppler echocardiographic patterns in patients with acromegaly. J Endocrinol Invest 1995;18:613–620.
Williams RA, Jacobs HS, Kurtz AB, Millar JG, Oakley NW, Spathis GS, Sulway MJ, Nabarro JD. The treatment of acromegaly with special reference to trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. Q J Med1975;44:79–98.
McGuffin WL Jr, Sherman BM, Roth F, Gorden P, Kahn CR, Roberts WC, Frommer PL. Acromegaly and cardiovascular disorders. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1974;81: 11–18.
Sacca L, Cittadini A, Fazio S. Growth hormone and the heart. Endocrine Rev 1994;15:555–573.
Lie JT. Pathology of the heart in acromegaly: Anatomic findings in 27 autopsied patients. Am Heart J 1980;100: 41–52.
Fazio S, Cittadini A, Cuocolo A, Merola B, Sabatini D, Nicolai E, Colao A, Biondi B, Lombardi G, Sacca L. Im-paired cardiac performance is a distinct feature of uncomplicated acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79: 441–446.
Lopez-Velasco R, Escobar-Morreale HF, Vega B, Villa E, Sancho JM, Moya-Mur JL, Garcia-Robles R. Cardiac involvement in acromegaly: Specific myocardiopathy or conse-quence of systemic hypertension? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1047–1053.
Lie JT, Grossman SJ. Pathology of the heart in acromegaly: anatomic findings in 27 autopsied patients. Am Heart J 1980;100:41–52.
Pinzone JJ, Katznelson L, Klibansky A. Acromegalic heart disease. The Endocrinologist 1998;8:273–278.
Hradec J, Marek J, Kral J, Janota T, Poloniecki J, Malik M. Long term echocardiographic follow-up of acromegalic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:205–210.
Lombardi G, Colao A, Marzullo P, Ferone D, Lonobardi S, Esposito V, Merola B. Is growth hormone bad for your heart? Cardiovascular impact of GH deficiency and of acromegaly. J Endocrinol 1997;155:S33-S37.
Lim MJ, Barkan AL, Buda AJ. Rapid reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy in acromegaly after suppression of growth hormone hypersecretion. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117:719–726.
Kahaly G, Olshausen KV, Mohr-Kahaly S, Erbel R, Boor S, Beyer J, Meyer J. Arrhythmia profile in acromegaly. Eur Heart J 1992;13:51–56.
Cuocolo A, Nicolai E, Fazio S, Pace L, Maurea S, Cittadini A, Sacca L, Salvatore M. Impaired left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with acromegaly: Assessment with radionuclide angiography. J Nucl Med 1995;36:196–201.
Oscarsson J, Wiklund O, Jakobsson KE, Petruson B, Bengtsson BA. Serum lipoproteins in acromegaly before and 6–15 months after transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41:603–608.
Cohen R, Chanson P, Bruckert E, Timsit J, Legrand A, Harris AG, Guillausseau PJ, Warnet A, Lubetzki J. Effects of octreotide on lipid metabolism in acromegaly. Horm Metab Res 1992;24:397–400.
Tsuchiya H, Onishi T, Mogami H, Iida M. Lipid metabolism in acromegalic patients before and after selective pituitary adenomectomy. Endocrinol Jpn 1990;37:797–807.
Moller N, Schmitz O, Joorgensen JO, Astrup J, Bak JF, Christensen SE, Alberti KG, Weeke J. Basal-and insulin-stimulated substrate metabolism in patients with active acromegaly before and after adenomectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1012–1019.
Takeda R, Tatami R, Ueda K, Sagara H, Nakabayashi H, Mabuchi H. The incidence and pathogenesis of hyperlipidaemia in 16 consecutive patients. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982;100:358–362.
Parikh M, Iyeb K, Elias AN, Gwinup G. Spinal stenosis in acromegaly. Spine 1987;12:627–628.
Epstein N, Whelan M, Benjamin V. Acromegaly and spinal stenosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 1982;56:145–147.
Detenbeck LC, Tressler HA, O'Duffy JD, Randall RV. Peripheral joint manifestations of acromegaly. Clin Orthop 1973;91:119–127.
Podgorski M, Robinson B, Weissberger A, Stiel J, Wang S, Brooks PM. Particular manifestations of acromegaly. Aust NZ J Med 1988;18:28–35.
Bagge E, Eden S, Rosen T, Bengtsson B. The prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis is low in elderly patients with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinologica 1993; 129:296–300.
Helal B. Acromegaly and its orthopaedic manifestations. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1983;38:395–398.
Layton MW, Fudman EJ, Barkan A, Braunstein EM, Fox IH. Acromegalic arthropathy. Characteristics and response to therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:1022–1027.
Kellgren JH, Ball J, Tutton GK. The articular and other limb changes in acromegaly. Q J Med1952;21:405–424.
Newman B, Melmed S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Levy R, Steward WN, Klibanski A, Molitch ME, Gagel RF, Boyd SE, Sheeler L, Cook D, Malarkey WB, Jackson I, Vance ML, Thorner MO, Ho PJ, Jaffe CA, Frohman LA, Kleinberg DL. Safety and efficacy of long term octreotide therapy of acromegaly: Results of a multicenter trial in 103 patients-a clinical research centre study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2768–2775.
Dons RF, Rosselet P, Pastakia B, Doppman J, Gorden P. Arthropathy in acromegalic patients before and after treat-ment: A long-term follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988;28:515–524.
Le Roith D. Insulin-like growth factors. New Engl J Med 1997;336:633–640.
Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Michaud DS, Deroo B, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Pollak M. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 1998;351:1393–1396.
Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P, Hennekens H, Pollak M. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study. Science 1998;279:563–566.
Ron E, Gridley G, Hrubec Z, Page W, Arora S, Fraumeni JF. Acromegaly and gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer 1991;68: 1673–1677.
Barzilay J, Heatley GJ, Cushing GW. Benign and malignant tumors in patients with acromegaly. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1629–1632.
Alexander L, Appleton D, Hall R, Ross WM, Wilkinson R. Epidemiology of acromegaly in the Newcastle region. Clin Endocrinol 1980;12:71–79.
Bengtsson B, Eden S, Ernest I, Oden A, Sjogren B. Epidemiology and long-term survival in acromegaly. A study of 166 cases diagnosed between 1955 and 1984. Acta Med Scand 1988;223:327–335.
Orme SM, Mcnally RJQ, Cartwright RA, Belchetz PE. Mor-tality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2730–2734.
Vasen HF, van Erpecum KJ, Roelfsema F, Raue F, Koppeschaar H, Griffioen G, van Berge-Henegouwen GP. In-creased prevalence of colonic adenomas in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:235–237.
Ortego J, Vega B, Sampedro J, Escalada J, Boixeda D, Varela C. Neoplastic colonic polyps in acromegaly. Horm Metab Res 1994;26:609–610.
Cheung NW, Boyages SC. Increased incidence of neoplasia in females with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 47:323–327.
O'Sullivan AJ, Kelly JJ, Hoffman DM, Baxter RC, Ho KK. Energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:486–491.
Davidoff LM. Studies in acromegaly III. The anamnesis and symptomatology in one hundred cases. Endocrinology 1926; 10:461–483.
Lawrence JH, Tobias CA, Linfoot JA, Born JL, Lyman JT, Chong CY, Manougian E, Wei WC. Successful treatment of acromegaly: metabolic and clinical studies in 145 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970;31:180–198.
Roelfsema F, Frolich M. Glucose tolerance and plasma immunoreactive insulin levels in acromegalics before and after selective transphenoidal surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1985;22:531–537.
Feek CM, Bevan JS, Taylor S, Brown NS, Baird JD. The effect of bromocryptine on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1981;15:473–478.
Grunstein RR, Ho KY, Sullivan CE. Sleep apnoea in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:527–532.
Cardieux R, Kales A, Santen R, Bixler E, Godon R. En-doscopic findings in sleep apnoea associated with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;55:18–22.
Piper JG, Dirks BA, Traynelis VC, VanGilder JC. Periopera-tive management and surgical outcome of the acromegalic patient with sleep apnoea. Neurosurgery 1995;36:70–75.
Grunstein RR, Ho KKY, Sullivan CE. Effect of octreotide, a somatostatin analog, on sleep apnoea in patients with acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:478–483.
Buyse B, Michiels E, Bouillon R, Bobbaers H, Demedts M. Relief of sleep apnoea after treatment of acromegaly: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1401–1404.
Wrightson P, Rajasoorya C, Holdaway IM, Scott DJ. Acromegaly: Factors affecting the long term outcome after surgical treatment. J Clin Neuroscience 1994;1:164–172.
De Pablo F, Eastman RC, Roth J, Gorden P. Plasma prolactin in acromegaly before and after treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:344–352.
Smals AE, Pieters GF, Smals AG, Kloppenborg PW. Sex difference in the relation between sellar volume and basal and GH-releasing hormone stimulated GH in acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1988;117:387–391.
Van der Lely AJ, Harris AG, Lamberts SW. The sensitivity of growth hormone secretion to medical treatment in acromegalic patients: Influence of age and sex. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992;37:181–185.
Dons RF, Rieth KG, Gorden P, Roth J. Size and erosive features of the sella turcica in acromegaly as predictors of therapeutic response to supervoltage irradiation. Am J Med 1983;74:69–72.
Thapar K, Kovacs K, Laws ER, Muller PJ.Pituitary adenomas: Current concepts in classification, histopathology, and molecular biology. The Endocrinologist 1993;3:39–57.
Barkan AL. Acromegaly. Diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1989;18:277–310.
Abs R, Verhelst J, Maiter D, Van Acker K, Nobels F, Coolens JL, Mahler C, Beckers A. Cabergoline in the treatment of acromegaly: A study in 64 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:374–378.
Melmed S. Molecular pathophysiology of acromegaly. Acta Paediatr 1996;417(Suppl):45–48.
Spada A, Arosio M, Bochicchio D, Bazzoni N, Vallar L, Bas-setti M, Faglia G. Clinical, biochemical, and morphological correlates in patients bearing growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors with or without constitutively active adenylyl cyclase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71: 1421–1426.
Landis CA, Harsh G, Lyons J, Davis RL, McCormick F, Bourne HR. Clinical characteristics of acromegalic patients whose pituitary tumours contain mutant Gs protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1416–1420.
Adams EF, Brockmeier S, Friedmann E, Roth M, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R. Clinical and biochemical charac-teristics of acromegalic patients harboring gsp-positive and gsp-negative pituitary tumors Neurosurgery 1993;33: 198–203.
Barlier A, Gunz G, Zamora AJ, Morange-Ramos I, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H, Enjalbert A, Jaquet P. Prognostic and therapeutic consequences of Gs alpha mutations in somatotroph adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:1604–1610.
Melmed S, Ho K, Klibanski A, Reichlin S, Thorner M. Re-cent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3395–3402.
Zhang X, Horwitz GA, Heaney AP, Prezant TR, Bronstein MD, Melmed S. Human pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG): Structure, function, and expression in pituitary tumors. Abstracts of the 80 th Annual Scientific Meeting, U.S. Endocrine Society, 1998;102.
McCarthy MI, Noonan K, Wass JA, Monson JP. Familial acromegaly: Studies in three families. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990;32:719–728.
Burgess JR, Shepherd JJ, Parameswaran V, Hoffman L, Greenaway TM. Somatotrophinomas in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: A review of clinical phenotype and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in a large multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 kindred. Am J Med 1996;100:544–547.
Losa M, von-Werder K. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of the ectopic GH-releasing hormone syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;47:123–135.
Barkan AL, Shenker Y, Grekin RJ, Vale WW, Lloyd RV, Beals TF. Acromegaly due to ectopic growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) production: Dynamic studies of GH and ectopic GHRH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:1057–1064.
Sano T, Asa SK, Kovacs K. GHRH-producing tumors: Clinical, biochemical and morphological manifestations. Endocrinol Rev 1998;9:357–373.
Ezzat S, Asa SL, Stefaneanu L, Whittom R, Symth HS, Hor-vath E, Kovacs K, Frohman LA. Somatotroph hyperplasia without pituitary adenoma associated with a long standing growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing bronchial carcinoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:555–560.
Genka S, Soeda H, Takahashi M, Katakami H, Sanno N, Osamura Y, Fuchinoue T, Teramoto A. Acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, and visual loss caused by metastatic growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing malignant pancreatic endocrine tumor in the pituitary gland. Case report. J Neurosurg 1995;83:719–723.
Ezzat S, Ezrin C, Yamashita S, Melmed S. Recurrent acromegaly resulting from ectopic growth hormone gene expression by a metastatic pancreatic tumor. Cancer 1993; 71:66–70.
Melmed S, Ezrin C, Kovacs K, Goodman RS, Frohman LA. Acromegaly due to secretion of growth hormone by an ectopic pancreatic islet-cell tumor. New Engl J Med 1985;312: 9–17.
Stratakis CA, Carney JA, Lin JP, Papanicolaou DA, Karl M, Kastner DL, Pras E, Chrousos GP. Carney complex, a familial multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome. Analysis of 11 kindreds and linkage to the short arm of chromosome 2. J Clin Invest 97:699–705.
Lipson A, Hsu TH. The Albright syndrome associated with acromegaly: Report of a case and review of the literature. Johns Hopkins Med J 1981;149:10–14.
Chanson P, Dib A, Visot A, Derome PJ. McCune-Albright syndrome and acromegaly: Clinical studies and responses to treatment in five cases. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131: 229–234.
Cuttler L, Jackson JA, Saeed-uz-Zafar M, Levitsky LL, Mellinger RC, Frohman LA. Hypersecretion of growth hormone and prolactin in McCune-Albright syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:1148–1154.
Yamada S, Sano T, Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Aiba T, Sawano S, Shishiba Y. Endocrine and morphological study of a clinically silent somatotroph adenoma of the human pituitary. 1993;76:352–356.
Stewart PM, Carey MP, Graham CT, Wright AD, London DR. Growth hormone secreting pituitary carcinoma: A case report and literature review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992;37:189–194.
Clayton RN. New developments in the management of acromegaly. Should we achieve absolute biochemical cure? J Endocrinol 1997;155:S23-S29.
Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya C, Wong J, Orr-Walker B, Gamble G. The natural history of treated functional pituitary adenomas. In Webb S, ed. The Management of Pituitary Tumours. Bristol: BioScientifica Ltd, 1998:31–42.
Tindall GT, Oyesiku NM, Watts NB, Clark RV, Christy JH, Adams DA. Transsphenoidal adenomectomy for growth hormone-secreting adenomas in acromegaly: Outcome analysis and determinants of failure. J Neurosurg 1993;86:293–299.
Jenkins D, O'Brien I, Johnson A, Shakespear R, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM. The Birmingham pituitary database: Auditing the outcome of treatment of acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 1995;43:517–522.
Rosen T, Bengtsson B. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 1990;336:285–288.
Ritchie CM, Atkinson AB, Kennedy AL, Lyons AR, Gordon DS, Fannin T, Hadden DR. Acertainment and natural history of treated acromegaly in Northern Ireland. Ulster Med J 1990;59:55–62.
Ross DA, Wilson CB. Results of transsphenoidal microsurgery for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma in a series of 214 patients. J Neurosurg 1988;68:854–867.
Davis DH, Laws ER, Ilstrup DM, Speed JK, Caruso M, Shaw EG, Abboud CF, Scheithauer BM, Root LM, Schleck C. Results of surgical treatment for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 1993;79:70–75.
Sheaves R, Jenkins P, Blackburn P, Huneidi AH, Afshar F, Medbak S, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Wass JA. Outcome of transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly using strict criteria for surgical cure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;45:407–413.
Jamal GA, Kerr DJ, McLellan AR, Weir AI, Davies DL. Generalised peripheral nerve dysfunction in acromegaly: a study by conventional and novel neurophysiological tech-niques. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1987;50:886–894.
Ibbertson HK, Manning PJ, Holdaway IM, Gamble G, Synek BJL. The acromegalic rosary. Lancet 1991;337:154–156.
Abed RT, Clark J, Elbadawy MH, Cliffe MJ. Psychiatric mor-bidity in acromegaly. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987;75:635–639.
Ezzat S, Melmed S, Endres D, Eyre DR, Singer FR. Biochemical assessment of bone formation and resorption in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:1452–1457.
Lesse GP, Fraser WD, Farquharson R, Hipkin L, Vora JP. Gonadal status is an important determinant of bone density in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;48:59–65.
Grisoli E, Leclercq T, Jaquet P, Guibout M, Winteler JP, Hassoun J, Vincentelli F. Transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly-Long-term results in 100 patients. Surg Neurol 1985;23:513–519.
Losa M, Oeckler R, Schopohl J, Muller OA, Alba-Lopez J, von Werder K. Evaluation of selective transsphenoidal ade-nomectomy by endocrinological testing and somatomedin-C measurements in acromegaly. J Neurosurg 1989;70:561–567.
Osman IA, James RA, Chatterjee S, Mathias D, Kendall-Taylor P. Factors determining the long-term outcome of surgery for acromegaly. Q J Med1994;87:617–623.
Nye ER, Paulin J, Russell DG. Blood pressure in a random sample of the New Zealand population. N Z Med J 1992;105:1–3.
Simmons D, Gatland B, Fleming C, Laekehe L, Scragg R. Prevalence of known diabetes in a multiethnic community. N ZMed J1994;107:219–222.
Lawrence RC, Hoohberg MC, Kelsey JL, McDuffie FC, Medsger TA, Felts WR, Shulman LE. Estimates of the prevalence of selected arthritic and musculoskeletal dis-eases in the United States. J Rheumatol 1989;16:427–441.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holdaway, I.M., Rajasoorya, C. Epidemiology of Acromegaly. Pituitary 2, 29–41 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009965803750
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009965803750