Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia, with abnormal dream-enacting
behavior during the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. RBD is either idiopathic or …

Objective Anxiety and depression are major psychiatric nonmotor symptoms (NMSs) of
Parkinson disease (PD). Although several studies have investigated the effects of …

Coffee and caffeine are speculated to be associated with the reduced risk of Parkinson’s
disease (PD). The present study aimed to investigate the disease-modifying potential of …

Background: Insulin resistance (IR), considered a hallmark of diabetes at the cellular level,
is implicated in pre-diabetes, results in type 2 diabetes, and negatively affects mitochondrial …

Background and purpose Sialorrhea often happens in patients with neurologic disorders,
and botulinum toxin (BoNT), which inhibits acetylcholine activation, may be an effective …

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit distinct gut microbiota, which may promote
gut-derived inflammation. Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable antibiotic that can modify gut …

Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various molecules, including cytokines, can
reflect the intracellular condition and participate in cell-to-cell signaling, thus emerging as …

Anemia and low hemoglobin have been identified to increase Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk.
This population-based cohort study investigated PD risk in newly diagnosed anemic …

The contribution of circulatory tau and β‐amyloid in Parkinson's disease (PD), especially the
cognitive function, remains inconclusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) cargo these proteins …

Gait disturbance and imbalance are the major symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), with
fall being the most undesirable consequence. However, few effective evidence-based …